Daftar Nama Negara Dunia Anggota PBB / Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa

Daftar nama-nama negara di bawah ini adalah nama-nama negara yang terdaftar dalam organisasi PBB atau perserikatan bangsa-bangsa hingga bulan juni 2006 yang berjumlah 192 negara. PBB adalah sebutan dalam bahasa indonesia untuk united nations yang biasa disingkat dengan UN saja. Sifat daftar negara ini dapat berubah-ubah kapan saja. Selain nama negara juga terdapat tanggal negara tersebut mulai bergabung atau masuk dan terdaftar sebagai negara anggota PBB.

Daftar negara anggota PBB / UN :

Afganistan - terdaftar sejak 19 November 1946
Afrika Selatan - terdaftar sejak 7 November 1945
Republik Afrika Tengah - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Albania - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Aljazair - terdaftar sejak 8 Oktober 1962
Amerika Serikat - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Andorra - terdaftar sejak 28 Juli 1993
Angola - terdaftar sejak 1 Desember 1976
Antigua dan Barbuda - terdaftar sejak 11 November 1981
Arab Saudi - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Argentina - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Armenia - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Australia - terdaftar sejak 1 November 1945
Austria - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Azerbaijan - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Bahama - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1973
Bahrain - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1971
Bangladesh - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1974
Barbados - terdaftar sejak 9 Desember 1966
Belanda - terdaftar sejak 10 Desember 1945
Belarus - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Belgia - terdaftar sejak 27 Desember 1945
Belize - terdaftar sejak 25 September 1981
Benin - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Bhutan - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1971
Bolivia - terdaftar sejak 14 November 1945
Bosnia Herzegovina - terdaftar sejak 22 Mei 1992
Botswana - terdaftar sejak 17 Oktober 1966
Brasil - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Britania Raya - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Brunei - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1984
Bulgaria - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Burkina Faso - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Burundi - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1962
Chad - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Chili - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Ceko - terdaftar sejak 19 Januari 1993
Denmark - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Djibouti - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1977
Dominika - terdaftar sejak 18 Desember 1978
Republik Dominika - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Ekuador - terdaftar sejak 21 Desember 1945
El Salvador - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Eritrea - terdaftar sejak 28 Mei 1993
Estonia - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Ethiopia - terdaftar sejak 13 November 1945
Fiji - terdaftar sejak 13 Oktober 1970
Filipina - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Finlandia - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Gabon - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Gambia - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1965
Georgia - terdaftar sejak 31 Juli 1992
Ghana - terdaftar sejak 8 Maret 1957
Grenada - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1974
Guatemala - terdaftar sejak 21 November 1945
Guinea Khatulistiwa - terdaftar sejak 12 November 1968
Guinea - terdaftar sejak 12 Desember 1958
Guinea Bissau - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1974
Guyana - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1966
Haiti - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Honduras - terdaftar sejak 17 Desember 1945
Hongaria - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Islandia - terdaftar sejak 19 November 1946
India - terdaftar sejak 30 Oktober 1945
Indonesia - terdaftar sejak 28 September 1950
Iran - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Irak - terdaftar sejak 21 Desember 1945
Irlandia - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Israel - terdaftar sejak 11 Mei 1949
Italia - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Jamaika - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1962
Jepang - terdaftar sejak 18 Desember 1956
Jerman - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1973
Kamboja - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Kamerun - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Kanada - terdaftar sejak 9 November 1945
Kazakhstan - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Kenya - terdaftar sejak 16 Desember 1963
Kepulauan Marshall - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Kepulauan Solomon - terdaftar sejak 19 September 1978
Kiribati - terdaftar sejak 14 September 1999
Kolombia - terdaftar sejak 5 November 1945
Komoro - terdaftar sejak 12 November 1975
Republik Kongo - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Republik Demokratik Kongo - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Kosta Rika - terdaftar sejak 2 November 1945
Kroasia - terdaftar sejak 22 Mei 1992
Kuba - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Korea Selatan - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Korea Utara - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Kuwait - terdaftar sejak 14 Mei 1963
Kirgizia - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Laos - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Latvia - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Lebanon - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Lesotho - terdaftar sejak 17 Oktober 1966
Liberia - terdaftar sejak 2 November 1945
Libya (Arab Jamahiriya) - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Liechtenstein - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1990
Lituania - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Luxemburg - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Macedonia (Yugoslavia Lama) - terdaftar sejak 8 April 1993
Madagaskar - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Malawi - terdaftar sejak 1 Desember 1964
Malaysia - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1957
Maladewa - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1965
Mali - terdaftar sejak 28 September 1960
Malta - terdaftar sejak 1 Desember 1964
Maroko - terdaftar sejak 12 November 1956
Mauritania - terdaftar sejak 27 Oktober 1961
Mauritius - terdaftar sejak 24 April 1968
Mesir - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Meksiko - terdaftar sejak 7 November 1945
Mikronesia - terdaftar sejak 17 September 1991
Moldavia - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Monako - terdaftar sejak 28 Mei 1993
Mongolia - terdaftar sejak 27 Oktober 1961
Montenegro - terdaftar sejak 28 Juni 2006
Mozambik - terdaftar sejak 16 September 1975
Myanmar - terdaftar sejak 19 April 1948
Namibia - terdaftar sejak 23 April 1990
Nauru - terdaftar sejak 14 September 1999
Nepal - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Nikaragua - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Niger - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Nigeria - terdaftar sejak 7 Oktober 1960
Norwegia - terdaftar sejak 27 November 1945
Oman - terdaftar sejak 7 Oktober 1971
Pakistan - terdaftar sejak 30 September 1947
Palau - terdaftar sejak 15 Desember 1994
Panama - terdaftar sejak 13 November 1945
Pantai Gading - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Papua Nugini - terdaftar sejak 10 Oktober 1975
Paraguay - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Perancis - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Peru - terdaftar sejak 31 Oktober 1945
Polandia - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Portugal - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Qatar - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1971
Rumania - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Rusia - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Rwanda - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1962
Saint Kitts dan Nevis - terdaftar sejak 23 September 1983
Saint Lucia - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1979
Saint Vincent dan Grenadines - terdaftar sejak 16 September 1980
Samoa - terdaftar sejak 15 Desember 1976
San Marino - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Sao Tome dan Principe - terdaftar sejak 16 September 1975
Selandia Baru - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Senegal - terdaftar sejak 28 September 1960
Serbia - terdaftar sejak 1 November 2000
Seychelles - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1976
Sierra Leone - terdaftar sejak 27 September 1961
Singapura - terdaftar sejak 21 September 1965
Siprus - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Slovakia - terdaftar sejak 19 Januari 1993
Slovenia - terdaftar sejak 22 Mei 1992
Somalia - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Spanyol - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Sri Lanka - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Sudan - terdaftar sejak 12 November 1956
Suriah - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Suriname - terdaftar sejak 4 Desember 1975
Swaziland - terdaftar sejak 24 September 1968
Swedia - terdaftar sejak 19 November 1946
Swiss - terdaftar sejak 10 September 2002
Tajikistan - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Tanjung Verde - terdaftar sejak 16 September 1975
Tanzania - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1961
Thailand - terdaftar sejak 16 Desember 1946
Tiongkok / Cina - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Timor Timur - terdaftar sejak 27 September 2002
Togo - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1960
Tonga - terdaftar sejak 14 September 1999
Trinidad Tobago - terdaftar sejak 18 September 1962
Tunisia - terdaftar sejak 12 November 1956
Turki - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Turkmenistan - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Tuvalu - terdaftar sejak 5 September 2000
Uganda - terdaftar sejak 25 Oktober 1962
Ukraina - terdaftar sejak 24 Oktober 1945
Uni Emirat Arab - terdaftar sejak 9 Desember 1971
Uruguay - terdaftar sejak 18 Desember 1945
Uzbekistan - terdaftar sejak 2 Maret 1992
Vanuatu - terdaftar sejak 15 September 1981
Venezuela - terdaftar sejak 15 November 1945
Vietnam - terdaftar sejak 20 September 1977
Yaman - terdaftar sejak 30 September 1947
Yordania - terdaftar sejak 14 Desember 1955
Yunani - terdaftar sejak 25 Oktober 1945
Zambia - terdaftar sejak 1 Desember 1964
Zimbabwe - terdaftar sejak 25 Agustus 1980

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Asal Usul Nama Indonesia

Mungkin sudah banyak yang tahu asal usul nama Indonesia, namun banyak pula orang Indonesia yang belum tahu sejarahnya.

Tahukah anda! Sebelum nama Indonesia digunakan, dahulu kawasan kepulauan dari Sabang sampai Merauke ini dikenal dengan banyak nama.Bangsa India saat itu menamakan Indonesia dengan nama Dwipantarapenggalan dari bahasa Sansekerta, Dwipa (pulau) dan antara (seberang). NamaHindia digunakan ketika bangsa Eropa mulai masuk ke wilayah Indonesia. Saat itu mereka menyebut Indonesia dengan nama Indische Archipel(Kepulauan Hindia). Nama Hindia sendiri adalah sebutan orang Eropa untuk wilayah Asia.

Seiring pendudukan Belanda, nama itu berubah menjadi Hindia Belanda yang artinya Hindia yang milik Belanda.

Bibit-bibit nama Indonesia muncul pertama kali dalam sebuah artikel di Jurnal terbitan Singapura Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia(JIAEA).  Pada Volume IV tahun 1850, halaman 66-74, salah seorang redaksi JIAEA George Samuel Windsor Earl (1813-1865), menulis artikel On the Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations. Ia mengungkapkan buah pikirannya, bahwa sudah saatnya “Hindia Belanda” memiliki nama yang khas, agar terlepas dari kerancuan dengan banyaknya “Hindia-Hindia” yang lain. Earl mengusulkan nama alternatif, yakniIndunesia atau Malayunesia. Earl lebih memilih nama Malayunesia, karena menurutnya, penduduk di Nusantara mayoritas menggunakan bahasa Melayu.

James Richardson Logan (1819-1869), orang Skotlandia yang juga merupakan pengelola JIAEA menulis artikel yang masih terkait dengan tulisan Earl, The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago. Dalam artikel tersebut Logan sependapat dengan Earl. Tapi ia lebih condong memilih “indunesia” dengan vokal O menjadi “Indonesia”.

Sejak itulah nama Indonesia dipakai oleh Logan dalam banyak artikelnya dan ia terus menerus menggunakan nama itu.

Meski nama itu bermakna secara etnology dan geogarafi untuk merujuk pada satu kawasan di Nusantara. Nama itu kemudian bermakna politis untuk memperjuangkan suatu Negara merdeka bernama Indonesia.

Sekitar tahun 1920-an, oleh Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker (1879-1950) atau dikenal sebagai Dr. Setiabudi, nama Nusantara pertama kali dilontarkan. Nusantara berarti “Nusa (pulau-pulau) yang berada di antar dua benua dan dua samudera”, diambil dari kitab Pararaton, kitab kuno zaman Majapahit. Meski nama Indonesia Muncul, kata Nusantara tetap popular pada zaman itu hingga sekarang.

Kembali ke nama Indonesia, pada masa awal pergerakan, semakin banyak tokoh nasional yang menggunakan Indonesia sebagai nama sebuah Negara impian yang merdeka.

Dr. Moh. Hatta dan Dr. Soetomo termasuk tokoh-tokoh pertama yang menggunakan nama Indonesia sebagai alat perjuangan memerdekan Indonesia itu sendiri.

Dr. Moh. Hatta berinisiatif nama perhimpunan pelajar dan mahasiswa Indonesia di Belanda dari Indische Vereeniging menjadi Indonesische Vereeniging.Pada tahun 1928, para pemuda dengan tegas menggunakan kata Indonesia dalam sebuah maklumat terkenal, Sumpah Pemuda.

Meski Belanda menolak keras nama Indonesia, nama itu terlanjur digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia terutama oleh kalangan pintar Indonesia dalam membentuk nama organisasi dan dalam berbagai tulisan mereka.

Sampai Belanda kalah dari Jepang, Belanda tidak pernah mengakui nama Indonesia. Bahkan nama Hindia Belanda masih kerap digunakan oleh dunia Internasional saat pendudukan Jepang. Akhirnya, nama Indonesia semakin kokoh sebagai nama sebuah bangsa ketika Bung Karno dan Bung Hatta memproklamirkan Kemerdekaan Indonesia.

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Kerajaan di Indonesia

NO	KERAJAAN
1.	Kerajaan Kutai di Kalimantan timur tahun 400 M (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang pertama : Kudungga Raja yang terkenal : Mulawarman
2.	Kerajaan Tarumanegara di Jawa Barat tahun 500 M (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang terkenal : Purnawarman
3.	Kerajaan Kalingga di Jepara (Jawa Tengah) tahun 640 M (Kerajaan Budha) Raja yang terkenal : Ratu Shima:
4.	Kerajaan Mataram Hindu di Jawa Tengah tahun 732 M (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang pertama : Sanjaya Raja yang terkenal : Balitung
5.	Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Palembang abad VII (Kerajaan Budha) Raja yang pertama : Sri Jaya Naga Raja yang terkenal : Bala Putra Dewa
6.	Kerajaan Medang di Jawa Timur abad IX (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang terkenal : Empu Sendok:
7.	Kerajaan Kahuripan di Jawa Timur tahun 1073 M (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang pertama dan terkenal : Airlangga
8.	Kerajaan Kediri di tepi Sungai Berantas Jawa Timur abad XII M (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang pertama : Jaya Warsa Raja yang terkenal : Jaya Baya
9.	Kerajaan Singasari di Jawa Timur tahun 1222 – 1292 Raja yang pertama : Sri Rajasa (Ken Arok) Raja yang terkenal : Kertanegara (Joko Dolok)
10.	Kerajaan Majapahit di Delta Brantas tahun 1293 – 1520 (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang pertama : Raden Wijaya Raja yang terkenal : Hayam Wuruk Raja yang terakhir : Brawijaya (Kertabumi) Patih yang terkenal : Gajah Mada
11.	Kerajaan Pajajaran di Priangan (Jawa Barat) tahun 1333 (Kerajaan Hindu) Raja yang terkenal : Sri Baduga Maharaja Raja yang terakhir : Prabu Sedah
12.	Kerajaan Demak di Jawa Tengah tahun 1513 – 1546 (Kerajaan Islam) Raja yang pertama : Raden Patah (Sultan Bintoro) Raja yang terakhir : Sultan Trenggono
13.	Kerajaan Pajang di Surakarta tahun 1568 – 1586 (Kerajaan Islam) Raja yang pertama : Joko Tingkir (Sultan Hadiwijoyo) Raja yang terakhir : Ario Pangiri
14.	Kerajaan Mataram Islam di Kota Gede (Yogyakarta) abad XVI Masehi (Kerajaan Islam) Raja yang pertama : Suto Wijoyo (Panemabahan Senopati) Raja yang terkenal : Sultan Agung
15.	Kerajaan Banten di Jawa Barat tahun 1556 – 1580 (Kerajaan Islam) Raja yang pertama : Hasanuddin Raja yang terkenal : Sultan Ageng Raja yang terakhir : Panembahan Yusuf

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Temuan Penting dan Penemunya

1. Mesin uap : James Watt (Inggris)
2. Mesin 4 tak : Nicolas Otto (Jerman)
3. Mesin diesel : Rudolf Diesel (Jerman)
4. Mesin Cetak : Johannes Guttenberg (Jerman)
5. Mesin Ketik : Christopher Sholes (Amerika)
6. Radio : Marconi (Italia)
7. Dinamo : Michael Faraday (Inggris)
8. Televisi : J.L. Baird & C.F. Jenkis (Amerika)
9. Telegrap : Samuel F.B. Morse (Amerika)
10. Telepon : Alexander Graham Bell (Amerika)
11. Elektromagnet : William Sturgeon (Inggris)
12. Bola Lampu : Thomas Alva Edison (Amerika)
13. Proyektor Film : Thomas Alva Edison (Amerika)
14. Piringan Hitam : Alexander Graham Bell (Amerika)
15. Batu Batere : Volta (Italia)
16. Termometer : Galileo Galilei (Italia)
17. Korek Api : Robert Boyle, John Walker
18. Kapal Api : Robert Fulton (Amerika)
19. Kapal Selam : Cornelius Van Drebbel (Belanda)
20. Sinar Rontgen : Wilhem Conrad Rontgen (Jerman)
21. Stetoskop : Rene Laennec
22. Lensa : Anthony van Leuwenhook (Belanda)
23. Mikroskop : Zacharias Janssen
24. Teleskop : H. Lippershey
25. Kamera : Edwin Land (Amerika) & Louis Jacques monde da Guerre
26. Pesawat Terbang : Wilbur dan O. Wright (Amerika)
27. Kereta Api : Murdock (Inggris)
28. Sepeda : Civrac (Prancis)
29. Balon Terbang : Sir. F. Whittle
30. Balon Karet : Charles Goodyear (Amerika)
31. Ban Karet : Josep dan J. Montgelfier
32. Barometer : Evangelista, Torricelli (Italia)
33. Dinamit : Alfred Nobel (Swedia)
34. Lensa Kacamata : Benyamin Franklin
35. Mesin Hitung : Blaise Pascal (Prancis)
36. Mobil : Gottlich Daimler
37. Motor, AC : Nikola Tesla
38. Tank : Sir. Ernest Winton (Inggris)
39. Traktor : Benyamin Holt
40. Tangga Jalan : Elis G. Otis
41. Kawat Pijar : Irving Langmuir

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Example of News Item Text

Supreme Court Reject Dicky's Appeal

JAKARTA: The Supreme Court has upheld the 2006 graft conviction of Dicky Iskandar Di Nata, the former president director of PT Brocolin International. Dicky was found guilty by the South Jakarta Distric Court of misusing Rp 1.9 trillion in funds from Bank BNI, which he claimed was a “grant from an Israeli investor”. The court sentenced him to 20 years in prison

“We have rejected Dicky’s appeal. Therefore, he must serve his 20- years prison and pay a fine 0f Rp 500 million ( US $ 55,000),” presiding justice Artidjo Alkostar was quoted by Detic.com news portal as saying Thursday- JP

Generic Structure

Newsworthy:

JAKARTA: The Supreme Court has upheld the 2006 graft conviction of Dicky Iskandar Di Nata, the former president director of PT Brocolin International.

Background :

Dicky was found guilty by the South Jakarta Distric Court of misusing Rp 1.9 trillion in funds from Bank BNI, which he claimed was a “grant from an Israeli investor”. The court sentenced him to 20 years in prison

Sources:

“We have rejected Dicky’s appeal. Therefore, he must serve his 20- years prison and pay a fine 0f  Rp 500 million ( US $ 55,000),” presiding justice Artidjo Alkostar was quoted by Detic.com news portal as saying Thursday- JP.

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Example of Report Text

Heart

The heart is the most important part of the body. It is the center of life. However, the heart is only as big as a closed hand.

The heart is a muscle and it beats about seventy times per minute throughthout a person’s life. 

The heart pumps blood from your heart to all parts of your body. The heart is made up of four chambers or small “rooms”. The top chamber are called the right and left auriclesand the botttom chambers are the right and left ventricles. 

When blood enters the heart. It is in dark reddish color because it countains carbon dioxide. The blood enters the right auricle and then the right ventricle. When the heart contracts, it forces the blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. It then goes to the left auricle. The heart contracts again, and the blood goes to the left ventricle and is then forced out into the body. The blood gathers carbon dioxide and returns to the heart, and the process begins again.

Generic Structure

General classificaton :

The heart is the most important part of the body. It is the center of life. However, the heart is only as big as a closed hand.

Description :

      The heart is a muscle and it beats about seventy times per minute throughthout a person’s life.

     The heart pumps blood from your heart to all parts of your body. The heart is made up of four chambers or small “rooms”. The top chamber are called the right and left auriclesand the botttom chambers are the right and left ventricles. 

     When blood enters the heart. It is in dark reddish color because it countains carbon dioxide. The blood enters the right auricle and then the right ventricle. When the heart contracts, it forces the blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. It then goes to the left auricle. The heart contracts again, and the blood goes to the left ventricle and is then forced out into the body. The blood gathers carbon dioxide and returns to the heart, and the process begins again. 

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Example of Descriptive Text

Macquarie University 

Identification :
     Macquarie University is one of the largest Universities in Australia. This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.

Description :
     The university is located at the north Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a surrounding have evolved beyond recognition. The North Ryde District has grown in a district of intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing university.
     Blessed with a fortune location and room to breath, Macquire can be proud of that careful planning that retains and enrich the university’s most attractive natural features. A pleasing balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus.
     This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of Macquire as a place that members of the University are most likely to pleasurably recollect.
     One of the highlights of the ;andscape is the Mars Creek Zone. It emprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass amphitheatre, and artificial lake … surrounded by rocks and pebbles, native plants and eucalypts.
     Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years 1 time, Macquirie will be the only university in Australia with a railway station on site. Macquirie is polsed to be the most readily accessible in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.

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Example of Narrative Text

The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.

At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.

One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.

The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.

Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.

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Example of Recount Text

My Adventure at Leang Cave

Orientation On Sunday, my parents, my best fruend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!

Event 1 The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash.

Event 2 The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their ‘kitchen’. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.

Reorientation After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

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Example of Procedure Text

Goal :        

How To Make A Meatballs

Matterial :  

kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)

2 eggs

300 grams of tapioca-flour

4-8 cloves of garlic

1 red onion

1 teaspoon of white pepper

2 teaspoons of salt

Steps :

First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.

Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.

After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.

Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.

Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.

Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

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12 Types of Text

PROCEDURE

Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :

• Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
• Use of action verbs (turn, put)
• Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Example text

RECOUNT

Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount:

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

• Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
• Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
• Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
• Use of adverbial phrases
• Use of adjectives

Example text

NARRATIVE

Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features Narrative:

• Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
• Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
• Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Example text

DESCRIPTIVE

Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of attributive and identifying processes
• Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example text

NEWS ITEM

Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features news item:

• Information on the use of head lines.
• Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
• Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
• Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
• Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example text

REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

• Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
• Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
• Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
• Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
• Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

Example Text

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

• Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences

Example Text

SPOOF

Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

• Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example Text

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

• Emotive words: alarmed, worried
• Words that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
• Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Example text

EXPLANATION

Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:

1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing

Language features explanation:

• Focus on generic, non-human participants.
• Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

Example Text

DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

• Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
• Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
• Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
• Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
• Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
• Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
• Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
• Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

Example Text

REVIEW

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of adjectives
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphor
• Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Example text

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Grammar

12 Tenses Table

		PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE
simple	+	S + VII	S + (VI + (s/es))	S + shall/will + VI
	−	S + did + not + VI	S + do/does + not + VI	S + shall/will + not + VI
	?	did + S + VI	do/does + S + VI	shall/will + S + VI
continuous	+	S + (were/was) + (VI+ing)	S + (am,are,is) + (VI+ing)	S + shall/will + be + (VI+ing)
	−	S+(were/was)+not+(VI+ing)	S + (am,are,is) + not + (VI+ing)	S + shall/will + not + be + (VI+ing)
	?	(were/was)+S + (VI+ing)	(am,are,is) + S + (VI+ing)	(shall/will) + S + be + (VI+ing)
perfect	+	S + had + VIII	S + (have/has) + VIII	S + (shall/will) + have + VIII
	−	S + had + not + VIII	S + (have/has) + not + VIII	S + (shall/will) + not + have + VIII
	?	had + S + VIII	(have/has) + S + VIII	(shall/will) + S + VIII
perfect continuous	+	S + had + been + (VI+ing)	S + (have/has) + been + (VI+ing)	S+shall/will+have+been+(VI+ing)
	−	S+had+not+been+(VI+ing)	S+(have/has)+not+been+(VI+ing)	S+shall/will+not+have+been+(VI+ing)
	?	had + S + been + (VI+ing)	(have/has) + S + been + (VI+ing)	shall/will+S+have+been+(VI+ing)

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Kumpulan Rumus Bahasa Inggris

1.      PRONOUN

PRONOUN adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi menggantikan kedudukan kata benda/perseorangan sebagai berikut

Subject	Object	P. Adjective	P. Pronoun
I	Me	My	Mine
You	You	Your	Yours
We	Us	Our	Ours
They	Them	Their	Theirs
He	She	Her	Hers
She	Him	His	His
It	It	Its	Its

2.      TO BE

TO BE adalah salah satu kata yang sering digunakan dalam kalimat yang mempunyai arti

PRONOUN	TO BE
	PRESENT	PAST	PERFECT
I	Am	was	been
You	Are	were	been
We	Are	were	been
They	Are	were	been
He	Is	was	been
She	Is	was	been
It	is	was	been

Modal/TO Have	Modal/To Have	BE/BEEN
Will	Would	Be
Can	Could	Be
Shall	Should	Be
May	Might	Be
Must		Be
Have/has		Been
Had		Been

Rumus

(+)	S + tobe + Object/Complement
(-)	S + tobe + not + Object/Complement
(?)	tobe + S + Object/Complement

3.      TO DO

TO DO adalah kata bantu yang berpasangan dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama (Verb I)

PRONOUN	TO BE		Plural/ Singular
	PRESENT	PAST
I	Do	Did	Plural
You	Do	Did	Plural
We	Do	Did	Plural
They	Do	Did	Plural
He	Does	Did	Singular
She	Does	Did	Singular
It	Does	Did	Singular

Rumus

(+)	S + Verb + O
(-)	S + do/does/did + not + Verb 1 + O
(?)	do/does/did + S + Verb 1 + O

4.      TO HAVE

TO HAVE adalah kata bantu yang berpasangan dengan kata kerja bentuk ketiga (Verb III)

PRONOUN	TO HAVE		Plural/ Singular
	PRESENT	PAST
I	Have	Had	Plural
You	Have	Had	Plural
We	Have	Had	Plural
They	Have	Had	Plural
He	Has	Had	Singular
She	Has	Had	Singular
It	Has	Had	Singular

Rumus

(+)	S + have/has/had + Verb III + O
(-)	S + have/has/had + not + Verb III + O
(?)	have/has/had + S + Verb III + O

5.      MODALS

MODALS adalah kata bantu yang memberi arti tertentu pada verba utama dalam kalimat.

PRESENT	PAST	ARTI
Will	Would	Akan
Shall	Should	Akan/seharusnya
Can	Could	Dapat/bisa
May	Might	Boleh
Must		Harus

Rumus

(+)	S + modals + Verb I + O
(-)	S + modals + not + Verb I + O
(?)	Modals + S + Verb I + O

6.      YES-NO QUESTION

YES – NO QUESTION adalah jenis pertanyaan yang hanya dijawab dengan bentuk formasi YES dan Formasi jawaban NO saja.

Rumus

To be	Tobe + S + Complement
To do	To do + S + Verb I + O
To have	To have + S + Verb III + O
Modals	modals + S + Verb I + O

7.      QUESTION WORDS

QUESTION WORDS adalah pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata tanya sebagai berikut :

Ø  What        :  apakah/apa

Ø  Who         :  siapa (subject)

Ø  Whom      :  siapa (object)

Ø  Where      :  dimana

Ø  Why         :  mengapa

Ø  Whose     :  kepunyaan siapa/milik siapa

Ø  How        :  bagaimana/berapa

Rumus

Question Word + Aux + S + main verb + O/C

8.      QUESTION TAGS

QUESTION TAGS adalah pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata tanya sebagai berikut :

1.      Statement

Statement	Question Tag
Positive	Negative
Negative	Positive

2.      Imperative/Command

Statement	Question Tag
With : Let’s	Shall we
Without : Let’s	Will You

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