Example of Narrative Text

The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.

At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.

One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.

The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.

Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.

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Example of Recount Text

My Adventure at Leang Cave

Orientation On Sunday, my parents, my best fruend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!

Event 1 The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash.

Event 2 The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their ‘kitchen’. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.

Reorientation After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

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Example of Procedure Text

Goal :        

How To Make A Meatballs

Matterial :  

kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)

2 eggs

300 grams of tapioca-flour

4-8 cloves of garlic

1 red onion

1 teaspoon of white pepper

2 teaspoons of salt

Steps :

First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.

Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.

After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.

Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.

Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.

Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

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12 Types of Text

PROCEDURE

Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :

• Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
• Use of action verbs (turn, put)
• Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Example text

RECOUNT

Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount:

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

• Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
• Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
• Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
• Use of adverbial phrases
• Use of adjectives

Example text

NARRATIVE

Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features Narrative:

• Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
• Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
• Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Example text

DESCRIPTIVE

Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of attributive and identifying processes
• Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example text

NEWS ITEM

Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features news item:

• Information on the use of head lines.
• Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
• Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
• Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
• Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example text

REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

• Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
• Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
• Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
• Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
• Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

Example Text

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

• Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences

Example Text

SPOOF

Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

• Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example Text

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

• Emotive words: alarmed, worried
• Words that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
• Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Example text

EXPLANATION

Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:

1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing

Language features explanation:

• Focus on generic, non-human participants.
• Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

Example Text

DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

• Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
• Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
• Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
• Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
• Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
• Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
• Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
• Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

Example Text

REVIEW

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of adjectives
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphor
• Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Example text

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Grammar

12 Tenses Table

		PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE
simple	+	S + VII	S + (VI + (s/es))	S + shall/will + VI
	−	S + did + not + VI	S + do/does + not + VI	S + shall/will + not + VI
	?	did + S + VI	do/does + S + VI	shall/will + S + VI
continuous	+	S + (were/was) + (VI+ing)	S + (am,are,is) + (VI+ing)	S + shall/will + be + (VI+ing)
	−	S+(were/was)+not+(VI+ing)	S + (am,are,is) + not + (VI+ing)	S + shall/will + not + be + (VI+ing)
	?	(were/was)+S + (VI+ing)	(am,are,is) + S + (VI+ing)	(shall/will) + S + be + (VI+ing)
perfect	+	S + had + VIII	S + (have/has) + VIII	S + (shall/will) + have + VIII
	−	S + had + not + VIII	S + (have/has) + not + VIII	S + (shall/will) + not + have + VIII
	?	had + S + VIII	(have/has) + S + VIII	(shall/will) + S + VIII
perfect continuous	+	S + had + been + (VI+ing)	S + (have/has) + been + (VI+ing)	S+shall/will+have+been+(VI+ing)
	−	S+had+not+been+(VI+ing)	S+(have/has)+not+been+(VI+ing)	S+shall/will+not+have+been+(VI+ing)
	?	had + S + been + (VI+ing)	(have/has) + S + been + (VI+ing)	shall/will+S+have+been+(VI+ing)

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Kumpulan Rumus Bahasa Inggris

1.      PRONOUN

PRONOUN adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi menggantikan kedudukan kata benda/perseorangan sebagai berikut

Subject	Object	P. Adjective	P. Pronoun
I	Me	My	Mine
You	You	Your	Yours
We	Us	Our	Ours
They	Them	Their	Theirs
He	She	Her	Hers
She	Him	His	His
It	It	Its	Its

2.      TO BE

TO BE adalah salah satu kata yang sering digunakan dalam kalimat yang mempunyai arti

PRONOUN	TO BE
	PRESENT	PAST	PERFECT
I	Am	was	been
You	Are	were	been
We	Are	were	been
They	Are	were	been
He	Is	was	been
She	Is	was	been
It	is	was	been

Modal/TO Have	Modal/To Have	BE/BEEN
Will	Would	Be
Can	Could	Be
Shall	Should	Be
May	Might	Be
Must		Be
Have/has		Been
Had		Been

Rumus

(+)	S + tobe + Object/Complement
(-)	S + tobe + not + Object/Complement
(?)	tobe + S + Object/Complement

3.      TO DO

TO DO adalah kata bantu yang berpasangan dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama (Verb I)

PRONOUN	TO BE		Plural/ Singular
	PRESENT	PAST
I	Do	Did	Plural
You	Do	Did	Plural
We	Do	Did	Plural
They	Do	Did	Plural
He	Does	Did	Singular
She	Does	Did	Singular
It	Does	Did	Singular

Rumus

(+)	S + Verb + O
(-)	S + do/does/did + not + Verb 1 + O
(?)	do/does/did + S + Verb 1 + O

4.      TO HAVE

TO HAVE adalah kata bantu yang berpasangan dengan kata kerja bentuk ketiga (Verb III)

PRONOUN	TO HAVE		Plural/ Singular
	PRESENT	PAST
I	Have	Had	Plural
You	Have	Had	Plural
We	Have	Had	Plural
They	Have	Had	Plural
He	Has	Had	Singular
She	Has	Had	Singular
It	Has	Had	Singular

Rumus

(+)	S + have/has/had + Verb III + O
(-)	S + have/has/had + not + Verb III + O
(?)	have/has/had + S + Verb III + O

5.      MODALS

MODALS adalah kata bantu yang memberi arti tertentu pada verba utama dalam kalimat.

PRESENT	PAST	ARTI
Will	Would	Akan
Shall	Should	Akan/seharusnya
Can	Could	Dapat/bisa
May	Might	Boleh
Must		Harus

Rumus

(+)	S + modals + Verb I + O
(-)	S + modals + not + Verb I + O
(?)	Modals + S + Verb I + O

6.      YES-NO QUESTION

YES – NO QUESTION adalah jenis pertanyaan yang hanya dijawab dengan bentuk formasi YES dan Formasi jawaban NO saja.

Rumus

To be	Tobe + S + Complement
To do	To do + S + Verb I + O
To have	To have + S + Verb III + O
Modals	modals + S + Verb I + O

7.      QUESTION WORDS

QUESTION WORDS adalah pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata tanya sebagai berikut :

Ø  What        :  apakah/apa

Ø  Who         :  siapa (subject)

Ø  Whom      :  siapa (object)

Ø  Where      :  dimana

Ø  Why         :  mengapa

Ø  Whose     :  kepunyaan siapa/milik siapa

Ø  How        :  bagaimana/berapa

Rumus

Question Word + Aux + S + main verb + O/C

8.      QUESTION TAGS

QUESTION TAGS adalah pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata tanya sebagai berikut :

1.      Statement

Statement	Question Tag
Positive	Negative
Negative	Positive

2.      Imperative/Command

Statement	Question Tag
With : Let’s	Shall we
Without : Let’s	Will You

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